Analysis on the Poem Dover Beach by Matthew Arnold

The Poem â€Å"Dover Beach† is a dramatic monologue of thirty-seven lines, divided into four unequal sections or â€Å"paragraphs† of fourteen, six, eight, and nine lines. In the title, â€Å"Beach† is more significant than â€Å"Dover,† for it points at the controlling image of the poem. On a pleasant evening, the poet and his love are apparently in a room with a window affording a view of the straits of Dover on the southeast coast of England, perhaps in an inn. The poet looks out toward the French coast, some twenty-six miles away, and is attracted by the calm and serenity of the scene: the quiet sea, the moon, the blinking French lighthouse, the glimmering reflections of the famous white cliffs of Dover. He calls his love to the window to enjoy the†¦show more content†¦It is only in the fourteenth line, with the mention of â€Å"an eternal note of sadness,† that there is any indication that the reader will be exposed to anything more than a simple description, that in view of what follows one shall have to reorient oneself to the significance of the initial description. The second dominant image in the poem is in lines 25 through 28, expressing the emotional impact of the loss of faith. The individual words add up—melancholy, withdrawing, retreating, vast, drear, naked—re-creating the melancholy sound of the sea withdrawing, leaving behind only a barren and rocky shore, dreary and empty. These images, emphasizing the condition after faith has left, present a void, an emptiness, almost creating a shudder in the reader; it is perhaps a more horrifying image than even the battlefield image with which the poem closes. The last important extended image closes the poem; it is a very common practice for Arnold to supply such closing, summarizing images in an attempt to say metaphorically what he perhaps cannot express directly. (Such closings are to be clearly seen in â€Å"The Scholar-Gipsy,† â€Å"Sohrab and Rustum,† â€Å"Tristram and Iseult,† â€Å"Rugby Chapel,† and others.) The calm of the opening lines is deceptive, a dream. Underneath or behind is the reality of life—a confused struggle, no light, nothing to distinguish good from evil,Show MoreRelatedAnalysis Of The Poem Dover Beach By Matthew Arnold1139 Words   |  5 PagesMonelle Shuman English Lit 202 K. Morefield December 1, 2014 An Analysis of â€Å"Dover Beach† by Matthew Arnold Dover Beach is thought to be one of the best representations of the Victorian Period all together. It portrays the mood and tone of what the people experienced and felt at that time. Around the same time it was written, London had just experienced a massive boom in their population, growing from 2 to 6 million citizens. At the same time, London was becoming one of the first in the countryRead MoreAnalysis Of Matthew Arnold s Dover Beach 1264 Words   |  6 PagesPublished in 1867, Matthew Arnold’s Dover Beach is short lyrical elegy that depicts a couple overlooking the English Channel, questioning the gradual, steady loss of faith of the time. Set against this backdrop of a society’s crisis of faith, Arnold artfully uses a range of literary techniques to reinforce the central theme of the poem, leading some to argue that Dover Beach was one of the first ‘free-verse’ poems of the language. Indeed, the structure and content of the poem goes against all trad itionalRead MoreDover Beach and Farenheit 4511461 Words   |  6 Pages English 2342 20 April 2011 Dover Beach and Fahrenheit 451 The classic poem, Dover Beach, written by Matthew Arnold, is a statement about losing faith as a result of enlightenment. In an emotionally charged scene in Ray Bradbury’s novel, Fahrenheit 451, fireman Guy Montag reads the poem aloud to his wife and her friends. Bradbury could have chosen any piece of literature for Montag to read as a means of unveiling his collection of hoarded books and his newfound interest in reading them. BradburyRead MoreThe Significance of Literary Knowledge in Parodic Poetry: A Look At Anthony Hecht’s The Dover Bitch1100 Words   |  5 Pagesreading with one frame of mind, key themes and ideas can be missed. Poems, on the other hand, can be vague and extremely difficult to pick apart. Poets rely on figurative language to make seemingly random word choices make sense within the right context, and having a vast knowledge of literature becomes essential when reading poetry because one never knows when an allusion can make all the difference. An thony Hecht’s poem The Dover Bitch provides a good example of how figurative language and knowledgeRead MoreAnalysis of the Setting in My Last Duchess and Dover Beach Essay669 Words   |  3 PagesAnalysis of the Setting in My Last Duchess and Dover Beach At first glance the setting of a poem is the psychological and physiological environment in which the story takes place. In some instances, the setting is used to develop the characters. Robert Browning and Matthew Arnold use the setting to expose their character traits. My Last Duchess and Dover Beach, respectively, portray the weaknesses of the characters using elements from the setting. The text, page 629 and 630, tells us thatRead MoreLove And Loss : Happy Endings By Margaret Atwood3620 Words   |  15 Pagesdepressing. Most people would relate love and loss to romantic relationships that ended in breakups; on the contrary, â€Å"Confession Day† allows people to confess the pain they have felt through any of their losses. In the poems â€Å"She Walks in Beauty† by Lord Byron, â€Å"Dover Beach† by Matthew Arnold and in the short story â€Å"Happy Endings† by Margaret Atwood, it is noticed that love and loss can happen in different situations, to di fferent people, at different times. These writings show love and loss in a relationshipRead MoreDover Beach Poem Analysis1739 Words   |  7 PagesUpon reading Matthew Arnold’s poem, â€Å"Dover Beach†, I was greeted with a fleeting sense of tranquility and a lingering emotion of melancholy. Found in his carefully crafted words, Arnold gives an accurate representation of the beliefs held during the era of Realism by using descriptive imagery. His use of imagery is the primary aspect of the work that most interested me. For instance, in the first stanza, the narrator gives the reader the setting of â€Å"Dover Beach†. He states, â€Å"Upon the straits; onRead MoreAnalysis of Dover Beach and The Buried Life by Matthew Arnold 1960 Words   |  8 PagesAnalysis of Dover Beach and The Buried Life by Matthew Arnold Matthew Arnold is one of the many famous and prolific writers from the nineteenth century. Two of his best known works are entitled #61505;Dover Beach#61504; and #61505;The Buried Life.#61504; Although the exact date of composition is unknown, clearly they were both written in the early 1850s. The two poems have in common various characteristics, such as the theme and style. The feelings of the speakers of the poem alsoRead MoreThe Trees Are Down Analysis - Charlotte Mew1621 Words   |  7 Pages Question: Write a critical analysis of The Trees Are Down by Charlotte Mew. In ‘The Trees Are Down’ poet Charlotte Mew seems to be using the trees to symbolize Nature’s being the price of human progress. The poem also seems to have been influenced by the Romantics, through Mew’s detailed description of the trees being cut down, and her personal reaction to this act – she refers to mankind’s indifference towards Nature, and the sadness this causes her, in this poem, where her main focus is man versusRead MoreThe Book of English2652 Words   |  11 Pagesattempts to reclaim his own humanity range from the compassionate and sensitive, as in his conversations with Clarisse, to the grotesque and irresponsible, as in his murder of Beatty and his half-baked scheme to overthrow the firemen. Character Analysis of Guy Montag in Fahrenheit 451 Guy Montag is a fireman who burns books in a futuristic American city. In Montags world, firemen start fires rather than putting them out. The people in this society do not read books, enjoy nature, spend time

Globalization And The Threat Of Cultural Imperialism

Globalization has produced a new level of interconnectedness among us, for it is an interconnectedness that not only compels diversification, but also provides a shared experience into the worldview of the accompanying culture. While the power of globalization would be advantageous in stimulating sustainable economic growth; that same power produces an evolving set of consequences – some good and some bad. In order to understand the effects of globalization and the threat of cultural imperialism, it is important to assess the aspects of cultural homogenization. While the diffusion of many cultures may reduce cultural diversity – it is a necessary evil, for homogenization not only conveys the limits, but also the possibilities and the power the culture holds in sharing their authentic self with the rest of the world. In â€Å"Homogenisation Globalisation†, John Tomlinson explores the threat that homogenisation is to cultural authenticity in developing countries. Tomlinson quotes Ulf Hannerz in defining the threat as â€Å" a tempting ‘master scenario’ of global cultural development † (891). While an integration of mass media may seem both attractive and perfectly sensible in creating a global market, Tomlinson believes that there is still a lack of critical concepts that qualify the idea of homogenization. It is undeniable that wherever there is modernization, westernization will follow. As local cultures are absorbed by more dominant outside cultures, the sharing of mass mediaShow MoreRelatedThe Media And Its Effects On The Global World1550 Words   |  7 Pagesof media and the benefits of globalization, Disney is able to produce and endorse their own American values into a global marketplace; but does Disney contribute to the homogenization or heterogenization of culture on a global level? It will be imperative to initially evaluate Disney’s hegemonic power through their cultural imperialism, and then explore the evidence attributing Disney as homogenizing or heterogenizing culture. The idea that Disney’s cultural imperialism assists in its hegemony isRead MoreThe Persistence of Imperialism Essay1315 Words   |  6 PagesThe Persistence of Imperialism Following World War II, the concrete nature of imperialism, or the subjection of people or groups based on a social, economical, or racial hierarchy, was seemingly in decline. For instance, India and Pakistan had both gained their independence from Britain in 1947 (p.761), and the French, though unwillingly, gave up their colonies in Vietnam (p.754), but with the development of the Cold War there became a need to ideologically separate the free â€Å"First World†, whichRead MoreCultural Globalization: The Emergence of the Americanized World 685 Words   |  3 Pages â€Å"Arguing against globalization is like arguing against the laws of gravity†. Globalization is an inevitable phenomenon in human history that brings about greater interconnectivity and integration of people worldwide. Over the past few decades, the pace of global integration has accelerated quickly and dramatically due to unprecedented advancements in technology, communications, science, transport an d industry (The World Bank, 2013). Globalization affects economical, cultural, technological, politicalRead MoreGlobalization Is A Concept That Can Be Difficult1627 Words   |  7 PagesGlobalization is a concept that can be difficult to fully comprehend, because it is influenced by the theoretical underpinnings of governance, economics, politics, and even culture. Stief (2014) describes globalization as, â€Å"the process of increased interconnectedness among countries most notably in the areas of economics, politics, and culture† (para. 2). As technology bridges the knowledge gap and creates avenues, venues, and networks to connect people, processes, and businesses, the level of generalRead MoreDoes the Caribbean Contribute to the Americanization of Its Media?1322 Words   |  6 Pagesdimensions. In itself this phenomenon does not necessarily imply the homogenisation of contents which threatens cultural diversity.† According to Brian Ssenyonga Americanization. Came about in the early 1900’s and in its inception meant taking new immigrants and turning them into Americans...whether they wanted to give up on their traditional ways or not. This may be known as cultural imperialism. The Americanization process often involved learning English and adjusting to the American culture, customsRead MoreDoes the Caribbean Contribute to the Americanization of Its Media?1336 Words   |  6 Pagesdimensions. In itself this phenomenon does not necessarily imply the homogenisation of contents which threatens cultural diversity.† According to Brian Ssenyonga Americanization. Came about in the early 1900’s and in its inception meant taking new immigrants and turning them into Americans...whether they wanted to give up on their traditional ways or not. This may be known as cultural imperialism. The Americanization process often involved learning English and adjusting to the American culture, customsRead MoreCross-Cultural Exchange1004 Words   |  5 Pagestheir resistance to outside cultural influence. The French believed that globalization will threaten cultural diversity and that American culture will have an adverse effect on French culture. The preservation of French language was a way to retain it cultural identity in the world and not be pushed to a homogeneous world culture. More specifically France was resisting American culture. The French had the notion that America was this â€Å"financial and intellectual imperialism that grabs consciousnessRead MoreGlobalization And The Global Syst em1343 Words   |  6 PagesGlobalization one of the most controversial and widely recognized term, and is biggest threat to liberty in the 21st century. The consolidation of power and wealth into the hands of a few has absolutely no benefit, except of course to the power hungry CEO s of transnational’s looking to suck the life out of every nation they can exploit. Despite the propaganda from the global elite it s done nothing but destroy the middle class in United States and any other industrialized nation. It will eliminateRead MoreHow Foreign Cultures and Media Influence Local Cultures, and Whether Local Cultures Are Eroded by Foreign Influences and Media969 Words   |  4 Pagesyears, with the development of modern technology, globalisation has become an increasingly important phenomenon in the world. globalisation means the extending and deepening interdependencies of countries worldwide through economic, political and cultural integration. As the primary driver of glo balisation, mass media plays a decisive role in the process of globalisation, spreading Western products, ideas and values around the world, which has created a profound influence on local culture of otherRead More British Imperialism Essay1516 Words   |  7 PagesBritish Imperialism In many respects, the Boer War resembles the struggle toward globalization a century later that Friedman describes in The Lexus and the Olive Tree. The British, with their more advanced industry and technology, attempted to pull the Boer Republics away from the Olive tree and into the new global economy, golden straightjacket and all. The British Empire had much at stake in the conflict, and eventually achieved its main goals. It protected its holding at Cape Town, which

Information Security Plan Organiation Development

Question: Discuss about the Report for Information Security Plan of Organiation Development. Answer: Introduction The choice of simple accessibility along with less time utilization are the two driving components that have prompted the foundation of an e-commerce set-up within the worldwide markets. The development in this business is expanding in a way that all the clients don't have to waste their time any longer on shopping from physical stores. These organizations give efficient delivery of orders at customers doorsteps which work as a catalyst for the development of the organizations working in the e-commerce industry. Choose Deep firm is the prestigious organization which provides services to customers all over Asia. The organization has its complete presence in different areas of Asia; the organization also has the representative strength of hundreds of individuals who proficiently handle the requests and conveyances of incomprehensible client base within Asia. The organization's main goal is to give the best client experience and advantages so they can grow their client base as well as t heir operations around the entire world. This paper is a study about reflective practice as well as learning of different contexts about risk controlling and protection mechanisms for organizations information system. This study enables the reader to understand the impact of an interpersonal communication, specifically on management procedures and generate outcomes using proper theories. The relationship between the personnel and security and laws and ethics are discussed in this report. This report emphasizes on investigating the activities of controlling as well as monitoring the risk of information security frameworks within the organization. This study includes the risk controlling plans and functions, and protection mechanism that must be followed by the company. The personnel and security, and ethics and law suggests the use of PRT monitoring within the information security administration. Security System of ADP With the fast expansion of e-trade and e-business, organizations are confronting high pressure from clients, suppliers, and contenders. Their clients are seeking low cost, high caliber, and speedy supplement reacts. The adaptability to lessen the stock and to diminish the cost during the organization's operations procedure, has turned into a significant work for the company. Consequently, the organization requires the support of a solid alley to keep the competitive advantages which ERP framework emerges (Schneider, 2015). For the covert planning of data security framework into actions, the e-trade's organizations are conducting an examination to understand and to know about the clients needs and prerequisites (Ghosh, 2001). The selling and purchasing of products and services in the e-trade industry are posturing few security concerns and issues for the organizations. The unknown, prompt and interconnected way of deliverables have prompted the advancement of security dangers that are focusing on the retail benefits and the e-trade industry all the while. With the expansion in the innovation in technology and advancements, the recurrence of digital assaults is likewise expanding. Due to the digital risk, the clients are feeling hesitant to pick the online administrations for shopping or obtaining any item. The risk of getting some secret data about the bank account details, financial issues, and so forth are a few areas where the clients are not feeling sufficiently safe to buy from the online method of shopping. Controlling Risk The term hazard or risk is connected with the numerous human tasks due to its space investigation, atomic reactor development, organization acquisition, security assessments of data frameworks, or data frameworks advancement. Accordingly, individuals in an assortment of spaces have considered the opinion of the risk. It is grouped into three classes: unadulterated risk, crucial risk, and theoretical risk. The theoretical risk includes pick-up or misfortune by the firm. A case of theoretical risk might be an evolvement of execution of software for new data framework which can possibly reap incredible prices if the product strengthens the productivity of the firm. Then again, it might bring about a misfortune, for instance loss of venture (Huang, 2004). Risk Control Strategies At the point when dangers from data security dangers are making a focused inconvenience to IT and IT security groups of interest manage or control the dangers. Four basic strategies utilized to control or manage the risks: Avoidance: The suitable risk management procedure among all the procedure is elimination or avoidance, so Choosedeep.com ought to invest its efforts into exploring this choice wherever conceivable. The avoidance for the most part means not doing the task or a project at all in the future, yet it can likewise mean updating work and procedure so that the dangerous stride no longer must be taken. As a general rule, avoidance is regularly a great deal as it is more conceivable than numerous individuals might suspect because numerous dangers are presented with specific choices as well as can be un-presented or expelled by various choices, particularly, if the pioneer or chief who presented the risk or danger is responsible for settling the choices to stay away from the risk (Whitman and Mattord, 2004). Elimination or Avoidance procedures incorporate the alternative of not performing any activity which might convey risk by any chance. An example of this strategy is, not purchasing a proper ty and a business, and always keeping in mind the end goal not to take on the liability that accompanies it. Another example might be not flying to maintain a strategic distance from the danger being ready if the plane was hijacked. Avoidance might seem, as an appropriate solution for all dangers. However, keeping away from dangers, additionally implies missing out a possible gain that accepting the hazard might have permitted. Not entering a business to stay away from the danger of misfortune likewise avoids the likelihood of gaining benefits. Similarly, not flying means either not getting to the destination or choosing another method to travel (Knapp, Morris and Marshall, 2009). Transfer: Transfer is not generally accessible to the supervisor as a choice, yet in the to take a look at avoidance procedures this might be the best way to deal with risks. Transfer implies bringing about another party to acknowledge the risk, normally by contract and also by supporting. Protection is one kind of risk transfer, which utilizes contracts. Next time it might include contract dialect that transfers a hazard to some other party without any payment of a protection premium. The obligation among development or different temporary workers is regularly transferred in this way. This procedure empowers the firm to give the security or protection to those firms which has danger to their data framework or IS does not have greater security administration within the firm (Whitman, Mattord and Shackleford, 2006). For those organizations, this procedure will be appropriate in taking care of the issues with respect to the security. Bases on this idea the organizations will procure th e outside faculty or organizations to take the obligations of transfer skill security to the data which is inside the organization electronically or physically. Another example of transfer strategy will take balancing positions in subsidiary securities. This is normally how financial firms or reserve supervisors utilize hedging for the money-related risk administration. A few of the methods in which hazard is conceivably transferred falls in several classes. The hazard maintenance pools are in fact, holding the hazard for all participations, yet spreading it over the entire group includes transfer among people from the group. This is unique in relation to conventional protection, no premium is traded between individuals from the group in advance, but instead misfortunes are evaluated for all individuals from the group. From multiple points of views, the transfer might sound simple. However, if another group or a gathering of individuals or even an alternate firm can deal with a part icular hazard superior to anything a company would, it is a legitimate decision to pursue (Whitman and Mattord, 2004). Mitigation: Mitigation is basically worrying with a decrease in the effect that a specific hazard may have. According to this system, the organization normally acknowledges that the hazard cannot be avoided as well as transferred and now it just tries to lessen the expected damage or loss to the acceptable levels. Obviously, "adequate" is the subjective term as well as work with how many hazards the association might be agreeable in taking care of security from task to task and from project to project. However, in every case, the point is to either lower or improves the probability or reduce the effect. As a rule, relief includes accomplishing a lessening of the hazard effect. This implies that a firm relief methodologies ought to either decrease the likelihood of the happening of the hazard or reduce the general seriousness experienced when it happens. This process of transfer risks will be made by the organization while the occurrence of risk is in advance. With a specific end goal to utilize the control of risks, DRP is responsible for deciding the level of risk that can happen in the organization, evaluate the likelihood of the hazard, assessing the potential harm that could happen from assaults and assessing the feasibility of different controls (Ram, Corkindale and Wu, 2013). Acceptance: Risk acceptance is the risk controlling strategy which company will acknowledge with a specific end goal to accomplish its business objectives or destinations. Each person and association have an alternate level of hazard resistance frequently called its hazard hunger, with corporate culture and values being an essential driver behind satisfactory resilience levels. For example, the atomic business may have an exceptionally preservationist, generally safe resistance culture for everything because it frequently invests tons of energy and cash on hazard administration and security measures. A promoting organization, then again, may have a high hazard resistance culture and along these lines will make "less secure" choices around a great deal of things it does. The hazard resistance then is the aftereffect of settling on a thinking choice to bear the outcomes of an occasion that will happen. The resilience of the hazard can take two structures, detached and dynamic. Classes of controls Controlling danger through avoidance, mitigation and transference might be refined by executing controls and defends. Control Function: The safeguards and controls are intended to guard the vulnerability either preventive or criminologist. Preventive controls and safeguards stop endeavors to adventure the vulnerability by actualizing authorization of an authoritative strategy and a security rule, for example, confirmation and confidentiality. Engineering Layer: There are various controls applied in many layers of the organizational specialized designed security systems. Among the engineering layer designators utilize authoritative arrangement and outer systems. System Layer: Controls are some of the time characterized by the hazard control methodology which works inside evasion and moderation. Protection Mechanisms The information security is a general policy which has been set down in the firm to restrain the liberty of subordinates. The term business strategy depicts the information, abilities, as well as attitudes constituting the common administration of the entire firm. In a few cases, the term security policy is exchanged with a term methodology while in some cases the term signifies a particular reaction to dull circumstances. Some recommend that very much characterized policies don't really prompt to well-managed institutions along with that great directors ought to delegate strategy choices to others. It does not suggest that hierarchical approaches are a bit much, but strategies ought to develop after some time from a blend of working choices. The harm created by noxious action is boundless. The Microsoft Forefront Risk Management Gateway gives an exhaustive arrangement of barriers to ensure PCs and systems in your association from noxious movement and malware (Ram, Corkindale and Wu, 2013). Protection Mechanism consists of following steps: Interruption discovery. As an initial line of safeguarding, Forefront TMG gives mechanisms that examine all the activity to recognize bundles that were uniquely created for propelling particularly known sorts of assaults. Flood mitigation:. The aggressors can utilize substantial quantities of all around framed parcels that are sent from sources to goals permitted by the firewall approach to mounting surge assaults that drain the causality assets and incapacitate its administrations. The cutting edge TMG utilizes association counters and association breaking points to distinguish and pieces movement from customers that create exorbitant activity and permit true blue movement to keep on flowing. Malware assessment: The web movement might contain malware, for example, worms, infections, as well as spyware. Frontline TMG incorporates complete apparatuses for examining and blocking destructive substance, documents, and Web destinations. Utilizing Events as well as Alerts: When the forefront TMG distinguishes malignant action and pieces movement, it creates occasions, which can trigger cautions that are characterized in your arrangement. One can utilize these alarms, which are shown on the Alerts tab of the Monitoring hub, to track and moderate assaults. Cautions can be designed to perform particular activities, which incorporate sending email warnings, summoning an order, beginning and ceasing administrations, and logging (Huang, 2004). Personnel and Security During the time spent on empowering the component of ensuring the data the unique board of trustees was being selected specifically by the security advisory group. This panel has been going by the central security officer. Under this power there are different two branches required in it , which is data security chief and nearby security councils are available. The primary part of the data security administrators includes, making of approaches and giving some security against the dangers of the commpititors groups. In this procedure chiefs of the organization keeps up the information security technology to survey the security framework in the firm with the help of software which is PRTG programming software of money related control of the data framework. The organization Choosedeep.com has a decent structure for the productive security framework for private data. It influences the security framework by taking complete assistance of a technology furthermore the human force of work. The nearby security advisory groups introduce in the firm in charge of coordinating the workers. The board of trustees draws a framework which take care of different neighborhood security issues organization face and gives the undeniable data framework in the firm. There are various exceptional software which staff utilized to control and moniter the danger of data, and most of the organization use PRT monitering software which is a type of an electron in order to guarantee the security of the data. Company is likewise in charge of outlining and actualizing new security innovation within the firm. There are numerous security work force required in the security advisory group of the association which incorporates security examiner who guarantees the approaches and prerequisites of the association so as to meet the elements of the associations. Choosedeep.com likewise empowers to apply new process and innovation inside the firm. Ethics and Law Ethics are the policies or standards which guide the personnel behavior with respect to the different activities as well as decides what type of activities, whether right or wrong are performed within the firm. Each organization ought to use the ISSA code of morals keeping in mind the end goal to ensure the data in the association. Laws and morals are related to each other without morals, the laws can't be constrained on any person in the association. As the web started to begin, the issues and wrongdoings identification with this additionally started. So, the development of innovation is profitable to the general public, and business, yet in the meantime, it also has the danger of some level. In the event, if the client neglects to follow the morals and hurt numerous associations in the method, for robbing of the helpful data, extorting the general population for picking up cash in illicit ways, and so forth. In such circumstances, the laws of the data security will help the people. As the organization is probably aware of the security and assume a major part of any review or money-related firm is running with different E-trade and web. With the help of this law, the representatives must battle for the data security standards towards getting and controlling the danger of the data security framework in an association (Huang, 2004). There are numerous different laws identified with the responsibility of information, and also trust and digital security data sharing acts are there which helps in ensuring the classification of the data. As the innovation develops the shades of malice in business, expanding in an extraordinary way so the accompanying exchange will be made different issues confronted by the lawful framework in keeping up the upgraded innovation and couple of laws will be talked about in respect of the PC violations in the UK. There are different laws adopted by the Choosedeep.com concerning the data security framework. The representatives selected fo r the security reason must have the worldwide data confirmation declaration and also some other testament has the ISO 27001:2005 moral standard (Ram, Corkindale and Wu, 2013). PRT Network Monitor The PRT Network Monitor is a system observing apparatus that guarantees the accessibility of system segments and measures activity and utilize it. PRTG Network Monitor incorporates more than 150 sensor sorts for all normal system administrations, including HTTP, SMTP, FTP, POP3, and so on. It can ready clients to black out before its clients even notice them, by means of email, SMS, and a pager. Stunningly better, after clients utilize PRT to track and ask for times and uptime for a couple of months, organizations can streamline its system with the end goal that the pager never rings again. PRTG Network Monitor keeps running on a Windows machine inside the firm's system, gathering different insights from the machines, programming, and gadgets which the organization assigns. It additionally holds the information so the organization can see the verifiable execution, helping the firm to respond to changes. PRTG accompanies a simple to utilize web interface with a point-and-snap design w hich effectively imparts information from it to non-specialized partners and clients, by means of live charts and custom reports. The performance checking programming screens a system utilizing system information, procurement convention or organize administration conventions NMPs, for example, SNMP and records different information identified with system execution, for example, the said measurements of deferral, accessibility, and dependability. The product likewise shows the information/measurements utilizing diagrams for examination and frequently contains components to discover and analyze shortcomings or execution irregularities. The execution observing programming frequently underpins different components, for example, checking of different system gadgets/elements, including firewalls, switches, database servers and web servers, parcel sniffing, reporting and logging of execution insights and numerous sensors for observing different system administrations and conventions e.g. H TTP, UDP, POP3, TCP/IP, FTP, SMTP, and DNS. The three executions checking programming items that were analyzed includes PRT network, PRT organizes screen and Windows Server 2003 Performance Monitor utilized for observing Windows 2003 servers. The first item that will be examined is PRT Network Monitor. The PRT Network Monitor is appraised as one of the top-offering as well as prevalent system checking programming bundles that are accessible and available today (Paessler.com, 2016). According to the founders: Almost 150,000 administrators based on PRT Network Monitor daily control or monitor their Server, WAN, LAN, Apps, URLs as well as much more. This software contains a large group of components for the propelled client in the business packages, however, more restricted elements in the freeware and trial package. The features of the complete commercial are as follows: This software supports the accompanying sorts of checking: uptime and downtime observing or monitoring, transmission capacity monitoring, utilizing a few prominent system information securing conventions, for example, SNMP, WMI, Packing sniffing and Ciscoa NetFlow, application checking, Virtual Server checking, SLA checking, VoIP as well as QoS observing, ecological observing and LAN, WAN and VPN checking. Evaluation PRT Network Monitor software have the complete support needed by any system administration expert to monitor or check information system, which includes SNMP assistance, assistance for different system administrations and conventions and monitoring of measurements, for instance, accessibility, postponement, and parcel misfortune, each has their own advantages and disadvantages. The PRT Network Monitor software is unquestionably the least expensive alternative and practical in contrast to WPM, in this manner, it would be the prescribed choice for the organization with a vast system. What's more, its organizers assert that about 150,000 executives are utilizing it around the entire world, in this manner, it might be perceived as a higher quality software (Knapp, Morris and Marshall, 2009). Suggestions and Disadvantages The PRT Network Monitor software has a little form on iPhone stage for system observing. The client who is taking a shot of this product utilizing electronic interface which permits to arrange the gadgets needed to the screen, and make reports with tables and diagram charts. The manager who screens gadgets in the system can set purported sensors as Web administrations and are in-charge of checking the parameters of the system. The drawback is that it is tangled to a great degree to get the consent from the organization for checking off every single sensor. The download procedure of this product is basic, yet the difficult procedure here is the setup of the software. PRTG boasts more than eighty sensors, and with such numbers, it is troublesome for an association and a man to make sense of which sensor connected to a specific device is troublesome errand. In such cases, the PRT auto disclosure organization given by the association will be proposed to use. As physical including of the contraption is completely tormenting that is the reason the auto disclosure work is boundlessly enhanced than including the device physically. It is additionally prescribed to have a trial version of PRTG for thirty days before obtaining the verifiable one for the firm. The purchase of this product is exceptionally financed savvy and requires a constant reimbursement to impel the sensors opportunely as the association is giving costs comprehensive, so it is proposed that the quantity of sensors used by the association should be above thousand. It will help in watching the whole arrangement of the Choosedeep.com organization. Conclusion This report discussed the issues that extensive systems confront and the system administration techniques that can be practiced to mitigate and forestall the issue of information security program. It additionally discussed the measurements that can be observed and rectified to enhance and arrange execution of unwavering quality. It has also been concluded from this investigation that the data security framework is crucial for the firms which have delicate information about their clients. Keeping up the data security framework, it requires a particular security advisory group to be selected and arrangements and methods, law and morals to be worried as the part of the hazard control in the data framework. It is proposed to utilize the PRT programming for the organization which is locked in with numerous delicate or sensitive data so as to control and monitor the hazard acquired all the while. References Ghosh, A. (2001). Security and Privacy for E-Business. [online] Available at: https://www.usq.edu.au/course/specification/2004/CIS8018-S2-2004-34247.pdf [Accessed 17 Oct. 2016]. Huang, S., Chang, I., Li, S. and Lin, M. (2004). Assessing risk in ERP projects: identify and prioritize the factors.Industrial Management Data Systems, 104(8), pp.681-688. Knapp, K., Morris, R. and Marshall, T. (2009). Information security policy: An organizational-level process model. [online] Available at: https://www.deepdyve.com/lp/elsevier/information-security-policy-an-organizational-level-process-model-0tQDGXv50z [Accessed 17 Oct. 2016]. Paessler.com. (2016).PRTG Network Monitor - Powerful Network Monitoring Software. [online] Available at: https://www.paessler.com/prtg. [Accessed 17 Oct. 2016]. Ram, J., Corkindale, D. and Wu, M. (2013). Examining the role of system quality in ERP projects.Industrial Management Data Systems, 113(3), pp.350-366. Schneider, G. (2015).Electronic Commerce. Whitman, M. and Mattord, H. (2004).Management of information security. Boston, Mass.: Thomson Course Technology. Whitman, M., Mattord, H. and Shackleford, D. (2006).Hands-on information security lab manual. Boston, Mass.: Thomson Learning.

The Longest Day (1962) and Saving Private Ryan (1998) Essay Example

The Longest Day (1962) and Saving Private Ryan (1998) Paper Both these scenes are representing different directors interpretations of the D-Day landings at Omaha Beach. Darryl F. Zanuck directed The Longest Day in 1962. The film was made only seventeen years after the end of the Second World War, and so Zanuck had to keep in mind that some peoples memories of the war were still very vivid. He hired forty-eight international stars, twenty thousand extras and took two years to make this three-hour film. The Longest Day won two Oscars in cinematography and special effects. Steven Spielberg directed Saving Private Ryan in 1998. This film was made decades after the war had ended. Historic evidence was more widely known and so Spielberg could make a realistic war film. Many more special effects were available and with a budget of ninety million dollars, Spielberg won awards at the Oscars, BAFTAs and the Golden Globe. The first thing that I think you have to take into account when comparing these scenes is where in the film the clips are taken. The clip from The Longest Day is taken from the middle of the film. Many of the main characters have already been introduced and the audience has had a build up to the D-Day landings. We will write a custom essay sample on The Longest Day (1962) and Saving Private Ryan (1998) specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Longest Day (1962) and Saving Private Ryan (1998) specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Longest Day (1962) and Saving Private Ryan (1998) specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer On the other hand, Saving Private Ryan has the D-Day landings at the beginning of the film. Spielberg uses the scene as an introduction to the war and so a great effort has been made to captivate the audience. The Longest Day is shot in black and white throughout the film. It is hard to distinguish different objects. This is mainly because our generation are used to seeing things in colour, and when The Longest Day was released people were used to watching in black and white so it made no difference to them. Saving Private Ryan is in bleached colour. This is a technical term meaning that the colours have been faded. The red of the blood though, is strongly visible and has been enhanced to make the blood stand out from the water. The beginning of the scene from The Longest Day starts with a subtitle in front of a view of Omaha Beach telling the audience where the battleships are landing. In the background we hear very patriotic music giving the sense of pride to all the war veterans that may be watching. I think that the music is there to make the whole battle seem grander than it really was, unlike Saving Private Ryan where the first thing we hear is the lapping of the tide. The swirling sea shows a great contrast from the peace and calm before the battle, to the noise and unrest of war. This is not a gentle scene though. Giant tetrahedrae are positioned in the sea, their job to rip the bottoms off the boats. The image set is a sinister scene. In The Longest Day we next see a shot of the landing craft with a hazy background and an overview of the soldiers. Limited camera lenses provide us with mainly medium shots that are normally static, a much steadier camera than in Saving Private Ryan. As a viewer you feel as though you are looking in on the action, more objective, and so you feel like you are watching the battle, not really involved. When focusing on General N Cota (played by Robert Mitchum), the camera is angled slightly upwards, giving the general an air of power and the impression of authority. A centred shot is shown of the general standing casually on the ship. The men around him are seemingly unconcerned about what awaits them. Long shots are occasionally shown. They establish a background and help to set the scene. Not many close ups are shown; the director has chosen to have most scenes taken with a medium shot. This makes it feel as though you are watching, not participating in what is going on. This in turn leads to a lack of urgency throughout this clip because the camera is shooting from far away and the camera remains static nearly all the time. We are then shown the German headquarters. To make this scene as realistic as possible, Zanuck decided to have the actors speaking in German. This means that subtitles had to be used to explain to the audience what was being said. We have changed from watching an organised army (the Allies) to watching a frenzied, frantic, unorganised German one. The officers are seen rushing about ordering the nervous German soldiers to position themselves behind beach banks and barbed wire. The director has shown both sides and points of view of the same event. It puts the message across to the audience that the Nazis were only human after all. They were portrayed as human beings, doing what they thought was right, not just villainous bad guys. It can also show slight propaganda, even after the war. The audience likes to see the Germans panicking and worried, there was still hatred of the Nazis decades years after the war. We then come back to the American side. The troops do not seem to be very afraid. We see a fearless Robert Mitchum urging his men forwards as we hear cheering men. The cheering shows unity between the soldiers, again being highly patriotic. There are a limited variety of sound effects. The firing all seems to stop when the General speaks, the camera again giving an upward view of Robert Mitchum, reinforcing his importance and showing his confidence. Considering the amount of gunfire, there is little effect on the actors. The result is a shock free clip with the audience shown little gore or carnage. The men run up onto the beach, escaping almost every explosion by rolling around on the floor, getting up and running again. The men almost look like theyve been choreographed to run up the beach. Robert Mitchum is so in control that he calmly jogs up the beach, making this short scene seem very tame. I think the director has done this because the audience did not come to watch the film to see blood, quite the opposite, they were watching it to feel proud of their country and feel a sense of pride. They wanted to see heroism and many viewers would not want to see how their sons, fathers and friends were killed in action. Once at the top of the beach, we see Cota as a caring man when the famous Hollywood actor talks to a young boy. There is a pointless dialogue section where General N. Cota tells the young boy to go back onto the dangerous beach to get his rifle back. The young boy obediently runs off to try and find his gun. The sequence finishes in full flow with a shot of the Americans and Germans in a full combat. In Saving Private Ryan after the subtitles, we see the Higgins landing craft battling against the sea. Spielberg shot the scene on an overcast day (like the real battle) to make everything seem as realistic as possible. It works well because as a viewer you can feel that it is cold as you hear powerful waves hit the edge of the boats. There are a variety of shots used in this clip; far, medium and close up. We have changes of focus and clear close-ups and there are several shots that have been filmed using slow motion. All of this is mainly due to different filming techniques that have been introduced after The Longest Day. A handheld camera is used for this section of the film making you feel part of the action, making the audience more subjective. We are shown a clear close up of Captain Miller (played by Tom Hanks). We see him petrified, his hand shaking drinking from a water bottle. Tom Hanks then holds up his head showing us his scared face. You can feel the tension between the men. We see men saying their prayers with religious signs. The nerves are shown by seeing men being sick on the ship and seeing their scared faces. We get an impression of them being real people with feelings and thoughts. This instantly gives the viewers more of an insight to each character, than in The Longest Day. Captain Millers last words on the boat are Ill see you on the beach. These words are followed by silence, so the words are left ringing in your ear. We see and hear the wheel turning as the door goes down. As a viewer you are totally unprepared for what happens next, to me it came as a shock. Again with the handheld camera, we turn round and see lots of men being shot down, many not even making it off the ship. There is a lot of blood and gore shown. Next we are shown the viewpoint of the Germans. We see guns looking out onto where we have just seen. Actual German characters are not shown we just see the guns. This is a contrast between The Longest Day. In The Longest Day we are shown the Nazi side of the war, but in Saving Private Ryan the director has been more concerned with the American aspect of the D-Day landings. Instead of a full dialogue between German captains, we simply have an over-the-shoulder view of what is happening on the beach. Then we are back amongst the men. Spielberg uses an underwater camera for the next scene. We go underwater with the men falling off the edge of the boat. The sound becomes muted, with an indistinct sound of the soldiers underwater. As the camera bobs in and out of the water the sound from above becomes clearer and you remember everything that is going on out of the water. The harsh sounds from above the water contrast with the underwater sounds. We hear fizzing sounds of the bullets underwater. We see that people are not even safe under the water. People get shot and drown due to the heavy load they are carrying. Above the water we see chaos and panic and some horrific sights of war. Again we get a view from the Nazi side. This time there are not many soldiers in sight, they are all hiding from the guns firing at them from behind the German pillboxes. This is another contrast with The Longest Day. In The Longest Day, people were just running up the beach, not bothering to hide from the shots being fired at them. Also in Saving Private Ryan we do not have focus on the main character (Tom Hanks) the whole time, we get an overview of everything that is going on. In The Longest Day the camera follows Robert Mitchum for nearly the whole time, not giving the audience a real idea of what is going on. We then are back on the beach again. We see many remnants of dead people, bodies lying about the beach and more blood. The blood has been kept potent, but the rest of the colour desaturated by 60 per cent. This makes the blood really stand out, adding to the dramatic views we see. Tom Hanks stands up out of the water, he is wet and his face looks scared. He does not represent a hero. He is in the action, amongst dying bodies and other soldiers. The camera is angled slightly down on him. Instead of the camera shooting up at him (like Zanuck), Spielberg decided to have the viewers look down on him. This enhances our feelings towards the Tom Hanks, and shows us that the battle was not grand, instead it was an awful traumatic experience. Hanks fear in this scene comes through quite clearly. To help show this experience Miller looks round the beach, surveying the carnage that surrounds him. The sound is lowered so that it is a muted din. He watches flames engulf some soldiers, and the image of a soldier searching for his severed arm sticks out in your memory. Blood sprays in his face. Instead of the flames roaring loudly, they sound like they are a million miles away. This creates the impression of shellshock, needing an explosion of a shell to bring the captain back to the present time. He comes around when his younger comrade asks for his orders. This is the end of the scene. Both of these films have good qualities. Older people that I have asked have told me that they preferred The Longest Day. The Longest Day is a very nostalgic film, and relies heavily on the era in which it was first shown (several years after the Second World War). People that went to see it were interested in seeing big Hollywood stars, they were not really concerned about the quality of the acting. It was even rumoured that because there were so many famous actors, they complained that there was not enough screen time focusing on each of them. Another reason why The Longest Day is more popular with the elder generation is that there has been a great advance in technology since the film was made, making me, the younger generation, used to films with more special effects. Although it lacks realism, the showing of blood and guts, the spirit of the war is vividly represented. The heroism of the soldiers is celebrated and leaves you feeling very patriotic. However my favourite scene was from Saving Private Ryan. In many ways I think that this is my favoured film because it appeals to my generation. We do not want to see a film that has not got realistic scenes, and Saving Private Ryan shows us how Spielberg imagines the battle to have been like. Spielberg uses lots of new machinery and introduces special effects to get his ideas across. He has consulted war veterans, and historians to create as best as possible an accurate account of the battles. Also the film made me think about what my grandparents must have been through and shows acknowledgement and thanks to the older men that fought for us. In this essay I have pointed out the different uses of technology in the films and compared the action fully. It is interesting that both scenes leave the audience feeling a strong sense of patriotism and pride in their country.

Comedy used in O`Brother Where Art Thou essays

Comedy used in O`Brother Where Art Thou essays The film O Brother Where Art Thou is a comedic adventure based on the Odyssey by Homer, to whom credit is given. The comedy in this film differs from many other movies. In films such as Jay and Silent Bob Strike Back or any given Jim Carrey comedy the elements of comedy are very obvious and easily laughed at. However, in O Brother Where Art Thou the comedy leans towards being more sophisticate and stereotypical, often being very subtle. While there is the slapstick of two men beaten with a club by John Goodman, who plays a one-eyed Bible salesman, it never fully contributes to the overall humor of the film. The attack of Big Dan played by John Goodman is not the only example of slapstick in this movie. Others include the gang unexpectedly falling out of a train the group is attempting to hitch a ride on. Ulysses, played by George Clooney, seems to be the object of slapstick pain continually, as in another example in this film he fights the seemingly nerd like suitor to his wife and is horribly beaten. The comedy is further escalated in this scene when most of the pummeling takes place off camera as the viewer sees the battled over wife watch the brawl. Fights and falls are, however, not the real substance to the comedic value of this film. Most of the hilarity occurs in subtle satire, mostly exaggerated stereotypes, and often evasive irony. Examples of this irony include the group being saved by their own casket, which they were told to share. Another, more subtle example, is the devil-like man preparing to kill them is in turn killed by water Pete and Delmar believe was sent by God. And while the bible salesman is killed by a burning cross at a KKK meeting, this is not the only incident of racial situations in the film. The stereotype given to Blacks in the 1930s in demonstrated by the blind radio manager, who would not let the group play if they were mostly negros. Another stereotype is the crazy incumbent ...

Battle of Hamburger Hill in the Vietnam War

Battle of Hamburger Hill in the Vietnam War The Battle of Hamburger Hill was fought May 10-20, 1969, during the Vietnam War (1955-1975). In late spring 1969, American and South Vietnamese forces commenced Operation Apache Snow with the intent of driving North Vietnamese troops from the A Shau Valley. As the operation moved forward, heavy fighting developed around Hill 937. This soon became the focus of the battle and additional American forces were committed with the goal of securing the hill. After a grinding, bloody fight, Hill 937 was secured. The fighting on Hill 937 was covered extensively by the press who questioned why the battle was necessary. This public relations problem escalated when the hill was abandoned fifteen days after its capture. Fast Facts: Battle of Hamburger Hill Conflict: Vietnam War (1955-1975)Date: May 10-20, 1969Armies Commanders:United StatesMajor General Melvin Zaisapprox. 1,800 menNorth VietnamMa Vinh Lanapprox. 1,500 menCasualties:United States: 70 killed and 372 woundedNorth Vietnam: Approximately 630 killed Background In 1969, US troops began Operation Apache Snow with the goal of clearing the Peoples Army of Vietnam (PAVN) from the A Shau Valley in South Vietnam. Located near the border with Laos, the valley had become an infiltration route into South Vietnam and a haven for PAVN forces. A three-part operation, the second phase commenced on May 10, 1969, as elements of Colonel John Conmeys 3rd Brigade of the 101st Airborne moved into the valley. Among Conmeys forces were the 3rd Battalion, 187th Infantry (Lieutenant Colonel Weldon Honeycutt), 2nd Battalion, 501st Infantry (Lieutenant Colonel Robert German), and the 1st Battalion, 506th Infantry (Lt. Colonel John Bowers). These units were supported by the 9th Marines and the 3rd Battalion, 5th Cavalry, as well as elements of the Army of Vietnam. The A Shau Valley was covered in thick jungle and dominated by Ap Bia Mountain, which had been designated Hill 937. Unconnected to the surrounding ridges, Hill 937 stood alone and, like the surrounding valley, was heavily forested. Moving Out Terming the operation a reconnaissance in force, Conmeys forces began operations with two ARVN battalions cutting the road at the base of the valley while the Marines and 3/5th Cavalry pushed towards the Laotian border. The battalions from the 3rd Brigade were ordered to search and destroy PAVN forces in their own areas of the valley. As his troops were air mobile, Conmey planned to shift units rapidly should one encounter strong resistance. While contact was light on May 10, it intensified the following day when the 3/187th approached the base of Hill 937. Sending two companies to search the north and northwest ridges of the hill, Honeycutt ordered Bravo and Charlie companies to move towards the summit by different routes. Late in the day, Bravo met stiff PAVN resistance and helicopter gunships were brought in for support. These mistook the 3/187ths landing zone for PAVN camp and opened fire killing two and wounding thirty-five. This was the first of several friendly fire incidents during the battle as the thick jungle made identifying targets difficult. Following this incident, the 3/187th retreated into defensive positions for the night. Fighting for the Hill Over the next two days, Honeycutt attempted to push his battalion into positions where they could launch a coordinated assault. This was hampered by difficult terrain and fierce PAVN resistance. As they moved around the hill, they found that the North Vietnamese had constructed an elaborate system of bunkers and trenches. Seeing the focus of the battle shifting to Hill 937, Conmey shifted the 1/506th to the south side of the hill. Bravo Company was airlifted to the area, but the remainder of the battalion traveled by foot and did not arrive in force until May 19. Soldiers inspecting the damage in the surrounding area of Dong Ap Bia during Operation Apache Snow, May 1969. US Army Military History Institute On May 14 and 15, Honeycutt launched attacks against PAVN positions with little success. The next two days saw elements of the 1/506th probing the southern slope. American efforts were frequently hindered by the thick jungle which made air-lifting forces around the hill impractical. As the battle raged, much of the foliage around the summit of the hill was eliminated by napalm and artillery fire which was used to reduce the PAVN bunkers. On May 18, Conmey ordered a coordinated assault with the 3/187th attacking from the north and the 1/506th attacking from the south. Final Assaults Storming forward, Delta Company of the 3/187th almost took the summit but was beaten back with heavy casualties. The 1/506th was able to take the southern crest, Hill 900, but met heavy resistance during the fighting. On May 18, the commander of the 101st Airborne, Major General Melvin Zais, arrived and decided to commit three addition battalions to the battle as well as ordered that the 3/187th, which had suffered 60% casualties, be relieved. Protesting, Honeycutt was able to keep his men in the field for the final assault. US Army Photographer and assistant climbing through the devastated landscape on Dong Ap Bia after the battle. US Army Military History Institute Landing two battalions on the northeast and southeast slopes, Zais and Conmey launched an all-out assault on the hill at 10:00 AM on May 20. Overwhelming the defenders, the 3/187th took the summit around noon and operations began to reduce the remaining PAVN bunkers. By 5:00 PM, Hill 937 had been secured. Aftermath Due to the grinding nature of the fighting on Hill 937, it became known as Hamburger Hill. This also pays homage to a similar fight during the Korean War known as the Battle of Pork Chop Hill. In the fighting, US and ARVN forces suffered 70 killed and 372 wounded. Total PAVN casualties are unknown, but 630 bodies were found on the hill after the battle. Heavily covered by the press, the necessity of the fighting on Hill 937 was questioned by the public and stirred controversy in Washington. This was worsened by the 101sts abandonment of the hill on June 5. As a result of this public and political pressure, General Creighton Abrams altered US strategy in Vietnam from one of maximum pressure to protective reaction in an effort to lower casualties.

Building Pharaohs Chariot Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Building Pharaohs Chariot - Essay Example To achieve their mission, the experts had to undergo several challenges. They had a time limit of only eight weeks to build and test the chariot that was quite a limited amount of time for such an exercise. Building the chariot required the assistance of highly skilled craftsmen, who were hard to locate in a foreign land. They relied heavily on the locals to find such men but eventually were able to locate one of the best carpenters and craftsmen in Cairo. This was a relief as they were now able to proceed. Obtaining the right and exact materials of building the chariot was another challenge they had to encounter. Most of the building materials of ancient Egypt were imported hence unable to obtain locally. They experts had to make use of locally available materials in their construction that had the same capacity to work as those used in the prior construction of the chariot. Assembling parts of the chariot was a challenge. Some parts of the chariot such as the spokes, which in ancie nt Egyptian times were made in a V-shaped way and connected to the hub with only pressure and glue, were hard to bend and fix as effectively as the Egyptians did. They had to make the wheel light enough as was for the Egyptians who had concluded to the use of 6 spokes wheels as opposed to the use of 4 spokes wheels that made movement cumbersome and the eight spokes wheels that made the chariots heavy.The experts relied on information from ancient Egyptian tombs located in the Elcab settlement in present day Cairo, with walls crafted over 300 years ago.

Exercise Induced Asthma Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Exercise Induced Asthma - Essay Example Asthma is chronic, or long term. (Exercise-Induced Asthma, 2006.) It is a condition of the lung and the main symptom is difficulty in breathing. The airways are extremely sensitive and when they are irritated, they react by narrowing or obstructing. As the air is restricted from moving, or circulating, wheezing, shortness of breath, chest tightness, and shortness of breath are symptoms that result. Risk factors include lifestyle (location, the weather, diet, etc.), environmental (smoking, allergens, and pollutants, etc.), use of antibiotics, exposure in the workplace, and genetics. Sawicki and Dovey (2005) report, "Children with one asthmatic parent are 2.6 times more likely to have asthmaMaternal asthma appears to make a bigger contribution than paternal asthma to asthma in offspring; one study found a frequency of atopic manifestations (including atopic asthma) of 44 percent in children whose mothers had atopic asthma compared to only 25 percent of children whose fathers had atopic asthma." Factors that can exacerbate asthma include respiratory tract infections resulting from viruses, allergens (dust mites, pets, pollens, indoor contaminants, etc.), stress, and Last Name 3 exercise. Exercise is one of the most common triggers. When exercise triggers asthma attacks, this is known as exercise-induced asthma, or EIA. 7-10 percent of school children are affected by asthma and is a major reason for missed school days. There is twice the chance of low grade scores due to absence. When children miss school, parents also miss time at work. (The American Thoracic Society, Am J Respir Crit Care Med cites Dekker, Dales, Bartlett, et al, 1991; National Institutes of...30 percent of children under the age of two face incidences of wheezing and at this age, the incidences tend to peak at the ages of two and six months. allergens, and pollutants, etc.), use of antibiotics, exposure in the workplace, and genetics. Sawicki and Dovey (2005) report, "Children with one asthmatic parent are 2.6 times more likely to have asthmaMaternal asthma appears to make a bigger contribution than paternal asthma to asthma in offspring; one study found a frequency of atopic manifestations (including atopic asthma) of 44 percent in children whose mothers had atopic asthma compared to only 25 percent of children whose fathers had atopic asthma." Factors that can exacerbate asthma include respiratory tract infections resulting from viruses, allergens (dust mites, pets, pollens, indoor contaminants, etc.), stress, and 7-10 percent of school children are affected by asthma and is a major reason for missed school days. There is twice the chance of low grade scores due to absence. When children miss school, parents also miss time at work. (The American Thoracic Society, Am J Respir Crit Care Med cites Dekker, Dales, Bartlett, et al, 1991; National Institutes of Health Publication, 1995; Taylor and Newacheck, 1992.) Storms (2005) cite Hallstrand (2002), "9% of school children have EIA" and they cite ) and Rupp (1

Examples of ways to establish ground Essay Example for Free

Examples of ways to establish ground Essay Produce a briefing document for a new member of staff who will be delivering classes in your specialist area embedding functional skills. The document should demonstrate your understanding of: a) ways to establish ground rules with learners Beginners Massage Course Introductory Weekend Briefing document The aim of the Beginners Massage Course Introductory Weekend is to give people the chance to learn a few basic massage techniques and explore their interest in massage without having to commit to a full study programme. Before embarking on teaching the Intro weekend it is important to understand the need for ground rules: those already set by the organisation/ set by you, set by the learners themselves before /or during the course and rules agreed by both of you. Organisational Please read through our organisational policies procedures including Health Safety Fire policy; this enables you to understand what to do in the event of a fire and to instruct your students/learners on the evacuation procedure. the syllabus gives clear objectives; lesson plans with suggested time frames, how to assess, monitor and review the achievements of the students, different methods of teaching, resources to hand (course manuals,whiteboard etc.), progression routes from beginners, anatomy physiology through to practitioner level and also more course specific health and safety guidelines including advice on dress, jewellery, hygiene, use of equipment and the continuous observation of posture and correct stoke techniques. These provide a structure for the course for you the students to follow, supports the diversification of learning skills (demonstration, verbal, hands on, handouts etc.) and give clear guidelines on where to go next with their knowledge. There are a maximum of 10 students per class with a mix of male female of all ages though minimum age is 21. Due both to the  size of the room and our past experience we have found that this is an ideal number for a learning group. Requirements sent to all students at time of booking: please arrive by 9.50am you may wish to change into loose comfortable clothing please bring 2 large bath towels leave all your valuable at home i.e. we rings, necklaces, earrings etc. as we cannot be responsible for any loss or damage to these items as they will have to be removed during the class For the comfort of the student you will be working with, please ensure your nails are short. These requirements ensure the smooth running of the course, all students having correct equipment/can learn equally and the well-being of students. Tutor set At the start of the course it is good practice to establish some basic housekeeping practices: evacuation procedures, whereabouts of toilets, suggested break/lunch times and use of mobile phones. Introduce yourself. This gives a little of your background to the students, gives them an idea of where they can go and your experience. Give a brief overview of the weekend, how it will run Review/ recap at the end of each day what they have learnt and ask if there are any questions/areas that need attention. This way give structure to the course and helps manage expectations for the students. Student led/negotiated Give students opportunity to introduce themselves Students choose to work with another student and this partner can be kept for the whole weekend or they may change. Students are more compliant when they set the rules so allow them to decide if when they are ready to move onto the next technique or wish to review and repeat what they have already done. This way gives opportunity to learn the syllabus whilst allowing some fluidity in what pace the class moves at, allows access for everyone to learn equally and working with individual learning requirements. Understanding more about each other gives a feeling of community or familiarity within the group so mutual respect empathy can take place.

Movie Fight Club Essay -- Fight Club Movie Film films Movies essays

Movie Fight Club Fight Club may not be a traditional piece of rhetoric yet it lends itself surprisingly well to the principles of deconstruction as outlined by Foucault, Derrida, Grassi and Burke. The God-terms in the novel are not the God-terms that mainstream society is familiar and/or comfortable with, which is not an accident. The ideas and values that are given importance and dominance in this writing as well as the drama that the reader is invited into, are not those of mainstream society, which leads the reader to reevaluate his/her concepts of knowledge and power as well as the ethical self as created by the characters, situations, and the choice of language. The idea of logo centrism is a large part of the creation of the transcendental signified in this novel. In any given type of rhetoric the reader / listener / recipient inadvertently must decide what significance and value is placed on all aspects of the piece including that which in not shown by the language. The rhetoric of Fight Club forces the reader to make the uncomfortable choice of what the theme beyond the language is, what is assumed and what is taken for granted by the language in conjunction with what is taken for granted and assumed by the reader. In other words, the storyline and language in the novel force the reader to assign power and knowledge as well as importance to ideas and themes that rub against the grain of everyday common morals and blur the line between the traditional ideas of right and wrong. Faking an illness in order to find the feeling of acceptance as the protagonist in the novel does, is not â€Å"right† in the normal world view yet within the confines of this rhetoric it is â€Å"right† because of the peace that it brings ... ...whole. The reason that this works as rhetorical strategy is the reader is lured into a false expectation of the outcome of the novel. The reader assumes while reading that the participants in the fight club will come to some epiphany through their fighting. This is not at all what happens. The mini epiphany that takes place for the narrator is yet another prolonging and pushing aside the real problem, that of self acceptance. Another psychology of form with regards to the promise/fulfillment model is also prevalent in this discourse. The characters who feel othered are invited to accept that otherness and embrace it. What is promised to the reader by the discourse is the knowledge that their feelings of otherness are not theirs alone but are shared by many others and the promise of fulfillment is in the very fact that there are others.

Case Attrition Essay

Case attrition is the failure of arrests to come to trial; less than half of all felony arrests result in conviction (Meyer, J & Grant, D. 2003). Basically, case attrition is when an arrest does not end in a trial conviction, which happens quite often in the court justice system. The effect case attrition has on the criminal justice system effects all levels of the criminal justice process, because an arrest or no arrest affects all aspects of the criminal justice process. Law enforcement officers can develop negative feelings about the justice system and feel that their work is not getting noticed. The high levels of case attrition in modern systems shows that the criminal law has very substantial limitations as a direct crime control such as, deterrence, incapacitation, and rehabilitation. Criminal convictions and penalties deserved punishment and reinforce important societal denunciation, but if these penal consequences are imposed according to procedure that are widely perceived as fair and just. Attrition can get rid of individuals in the over-worked justice system that were arrested that either had a problem with the legality of the arrest or it was the result of an overworked, or bad officer in a situation where an arrest was not necessary (Meyer, J & Grant, D. 2003). When these cases are removed from the justice system, it is possible for attorneys and judges to be able to focus on more serious crimes. Reference Meyer, J & Grant, D. (2003) The Courts in Our Criminal Justice System

How I met myself Essay

The English language is a thriving language. It is the window of various disciplines and knowledge. If you want to know more about the world, learn English†¦ English is a fun language, which inspire people from all walks of life. This language binds people from all over the world. So, don’t be afraid of this language. It is a language of love, peace and humility. Monday, November 25, 2013 Form 3 Novel- How I Met Myself It’s such an overdue post, PMR has just passed and here I am posting this long awaited entry on the Form 3 novel, How I Met Myself. This novel is all about finding your own ghost or doppelganger and answers the questions of â€Å"What If† and â€Å"If Only†. I found this novel as an interesting piece of literature as it questions the pasts and brings back the future, and it will definitely serves as a medium of intellectual discussions among students and teachers. By the time students reach the Third Form, I realize that students need to be stimulated and encouraged to participate well in group and class discussions as some students fail to give responses due to lack of stimulating readings and low self esteem. The idea now in Malaysia, is to let students take charge of the whole learning process, encourage them to think critically and creatively and teachers should take a back seat. Many times, teachers are deemed to be responsible on students’ learning p rocess but the reality is students should be held responsible for their own learning as well. In this entry, I’m sharing with you, some useful notes on this Form Three novel. Based on the novel â€Å" How I Met Myself† by David A. Hill, the theme that can be found is † Love †. This theme is significant in this novel as it revolves around John Taylor and his family. This can be seen from the way they take care of each other and stood by their spouses through difficult times in life. â€Å" Love† is definitely around John Taylor’s family as Andrea supports her husband through out the journey of their life. Never once in her life, that Andrea does not believe in John Taylor and his doppelganger. She is a symbol of a loyal and loving wife, who stands by her man, no matter what is happening to him. Finally, â€Å" love† is seen through  John Taylor. He is a responsible father and husband, even if he neglects his family for a while when he is carried away in finding his doppelganger. John Taylor is a character with full of love and care, he loves his wife unconditionally. In conclusion, â€Å" love† is widely seen in this novel through the characters of John Taylor and Andrea, his wife. They are the symbols of eternal love in these modern days, where love is not a language easily understood.

Reasons for Interpreting Screening Tests Results with Caution

Reasons for Interpreting Screening Tests Results with Caution Introduction People normally go for screening tests for specific reasons. There are different health related conditions at the family level that members may test. Screening tests enable families comprehend health related conditions in their lineages. Furthermore, screening generates accurate information, which informs patients decision-making processed. The results emerging from screening processes are crucial to clients.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Reasons for Interpreting Screening Tests Results with Caution specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The interpretation of screening results is also crucial to providing clients with accurate information regarding their health conditions. Evidently, challenges associated with interpreting screening results are imminent. This increases the requirement that people interpret screening results with caution. In the subsequent sections, this paper discusses the reasons for excising caution while interpreting test results Possibilities for a false-positive result and a false-negative result Every family anticipates that screening should generate accurate information. However, screening outcome may hinder health related decision making in certain situations. Screening results may defectively discriminate between clients with disease and those without. This can happen when the outcome is incoherent with the actual clinical condition of client. The challenge may also emerge because of improper integration of screening outcome within the clinical contexts (Marotz Allen, 2013). Therefore, an imperfect screening test may erroneously categorize a healthy client as diseased. This creates the false – positive result situation. On the contrary, it may also erroneously identify a sick client as disease – free (Marotz Allen, 2013). This creates the false – negative result situation. There is the need for people in charge of screening pr ocesses to practice caution while interpreting results. The recognition that inherent operating characteristics of screening processes may generate inaccurate outcome requires caution (Marotz Allen, 2013). The ability of screening processes to ensure accuracy in excluding or including disease on a client may be prone to errors. This is a genuine reason demanding caution while reading screening results. The Role of Screening Tools Several tools are applicable in screening processes. Generally, people in charge of screening processes regard the tools as perfect. However, some screening tools may have defects and problems leading to failures. The screening tools that have defects may not generate accurate outcome. For example, instruments employed in cognitive measurements may fail to generate accurate outcome (Spencer, Bornholt Ouvrier, 2003).Advertising Looking for critical writing on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Furthermore, people in charge of the screening processes may openly abuse such tools thus affecting their accuracy. In addition, using screening tools designed for larger populations to test individuals may prompt cautious in the interpretation of outcome (Spencer, Bornholt Ouvrier, 2003). These concerns make it worth for people tasked with conducting screening processes to exercise precaution. They need to exercise precaution on the interpretation of screening outcome. The prevalence of disease It is notable that sometimes specialists are interested in conducting screening tests for specific diseases among people in a population. The specialists recognize that the popularity of a disease within a particular population significantly affects screening test effectiveness (Marotz Allen, 2013). It is notable that very good screening tests may have reduced extrapolative value positives in areas of low disease incidence. This normally presents additional challenges be cause people in charge of screening should have familiarity of the estimated disease incidence while interpreting screening outcome (Ore, Tamir, Stein Cohen-Dar, 2009). This is also a concern requiring people to exercise caution while interpreting screening outcome. Conclusion The above discussions relates to the reasons why people should exercise caution while interpreting screening outcome. The possibility of screening results generating a false – positive and false – negative outcome necessitates caution. Furthermore, the inaccuracy of screening tools as well as disease incidence may affect screening outcome. References Marotz, L. R., Allen, K. E. (2013). Developmental Profiles: Pre-Birth through adolescence (7th ed.). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth, Cengage Learning. Ore, L., Tamir, A., Stein, N., Cohen-Dar, M. (2009). Reliability of vision screening tests for school children. Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 41(3), 250-259. Doi: 10.1111/j.1547-5069.2009.01283.xAdvertisi ng We will write a custom critical writing sample on Reasons for Interpreting Screening Tests Results with Caution specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Spencer, F. H., Bornholt, L. J., Ouvrier, R. A. (2003). Test reliability and stability of childrens cognitive functioning. Journal of Child Neurology, 18(1), 5-11.

Understanding Earth and its History

Understanding Earth and its History We live in an interesting time that allows us to explore the solar system with robotic probes. From Mercury to Pluto (and beyond), we have eyes on the sky to tell us about those distant places. Our spacecraft also explore Earth from space and show us the incredible diversity of landforms our planet contains. Earth-observing platforms measure our atmosphere, climate, weather, and study the existence and effects of life on all the planets systems. The more scientists learn about Earth, the more they can understand its past and its future.   The name of our planet comes from an Old English and Germanic term eorà °e. In Roman mythology, the Earth goddess was Tellus, which means the fertile soil, while the Greek goddess was Gaia, terra mater, or Mother Earth. Today, we call it Earth and are working to study all its systems and features.   Earths Formation Earth was born  some 4.6 billion years ago as an interstellar cloud of gas and dust coalesced to form the Sun and rest of the solar system. This is the birth process for all stars in the universe. The Sun formed at the center, and the planets were accreted from the rest of the material. Over time, each planet migrated to its present position orbiting the Sun. The moons, rings, comets, and asteroids were also part of solar system formation and evolution. Early Earth, like most of the other worlds, was a molten sphere at first. It cooled and eventually its oceans formed from water contained in the planetesimals that made the infant planet. Its also possible that comets played a role in seeding Earths water supplies.   The first life on Earth arose some 3.8 billion years  ago, most likely in tidal pools or on the seabeds. It consisted of single-celled organisms. Over time, they evolved to become more complex plants and animals. Today the planet hosts millions of species of different life forms and more are being discovered as scientists probe the deep oceans and polar ices. Earth itself has evolved, too. It began as a molten ball of rock and eventually cooled. Over time, its crust formed plates. The continents and oceans ride those plates, and the motion of the plates is what rearranges the larger surface features on the planet. The known contents of Africa, Antarctica, Asia, Europe, North and South America, Central America, and Australia, are not the only ones Earth has had. Earlier continents are hidden underwater, such as Zealandia in the south Pacific.   How Our Perceptions of Earth Changed Early philosophers once put Earth at the center of the universe. Aristarchus of Samos, in the 3rd century B.C.E., figured out how to measure the distances to the Sun and Moon, and determined their sizes. He also concluded that Earth orbited the Sun, an unpopular view until Polish astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus published his work called  On the Revolutions of the Celestial Spheres  in 1543. In that treatise, he suggested a heliocentric theory that Earth was NOT the center of the solar system but instead orbited the Sun. That scientific fact came to dominate astronomy and has since been proven by any number of missions to space. Once the Earth-centered theory had been put to rest, scientists got down to studying our planet and what makes it tick. Earth is composed primarily of iron, oxygen, silicon, magnesium, nickel, sulfur, and titanium. Just over 71% of its surface is covered with water. The atmosphere is 77% nitrogen, 21% oxygen, with traces of argon, carbon dioxide, and water. People once thought Earth was flat, but that idea was put to rest early in our history, as scientists measured the planet, and later on as high-flying aircraft and spacecraft returned images of a round world. We know today that Earth is a slightly flattened sphere measuring 40,075  kilometers around at the equator. It takes 365.26 days to make one trip around the Sun (commonly called a year) and is 150 million kilometers away from the Sun. It orbits in the Suns Goldilocks zone, a region where liquid water can exist on the surface of a rocky world.   Earth has only one natural satellite, the Moon at a distance of 384,400 km, with a radius of 1,738 kilometers and a mass of 7.32 Ãâ€" 1022  kg. Asteroids 3753 Cruithne and 2002 AA29 have complicated orbital relationships with the Earth; theyre not really moons, so astronomers use the word companion to describe their relationship with our planet.   Earths Future Our planet will not last forever. In about five to six billion years,  the Sun will begin to swell up to become a red giant star. As its atmosphere expands, our aging star will engulf the inner planets, leaving behind scorched cinders. The outer planets may become more temperate, and some of their moons could sport liquid water on their surfaces, for a time. This is a popular meme in science fiction, giving rise to stories of how humans will ultimately migrate away from Earth, settling perhaps around Jupiter or even seeking out new planetary homes in other star systems. No matter what humans do to survive, the Sun will become a white dwarf, slowly shrinking and cooling over 10-15 billion years. Earth will be long gone.   Edited and expanded by Carolyn Collins Petersen.

Portfolio base on Case study on sexual child exploitation in Uk and 2 Assignment

Portfolio base on Case study on sexual child exploitation in Uk and 2 different countries - Assignment Example This brings about confusion between the agencies as well as obstacles to information sharing. For instance, a report by the Victorian ombudsmen in Australia, revealed that child protection personnel do have false beliefs concerning their limits under the Information Privacy Act and in most instances they end up not revealing identity of offenders or the child victims to the Police when allegations of sexual abuse arises (Australian Government, 2012). This is also true in UK whereby the child protection departments do not offer their personnel sufficient training, guidance or even resources to make certain a suitable phase of privacy compliance is taken into consideration, in relation to collection, application and revelation of personal information regarding alleged offenders or the child (National Council to educe Violence against Women and their Children, 2009, p. 2011). Likewise, the UK faces the same challenges whereby the agencies concerned with child protection are reactive rat her than preventive in most cases. It takes a long time for the information concerning a particular child sex abuse investigation with approach to be taken, from being defined based on the problem presented. The police and the social work service do not effectively share or jointly assess all of their relevant information during the initial planning. Planning ought to take into consideration the needs of and danger to the child, in particular the medical information (Dewar, 1998, p 5). The same case is in South Africa whreby child welfare agencies are not colloborating effectively under a common framework using the three-pronged strategy of prevention, safeguard and prosecution. The agencies in most instances do not possess a shared consideration of the predicament of child sexual exploitation (South African Human Rights Commission, 2002, p. 16) For instance, in the case of Martin Jenkins, care workers were aware that Martin Jenkins had sex with the mispers whilst at the flat and th at Martin Jenkins would only allow this to happen if the girls performed oral sex on him, but such information was not disclosed acted upon by the police until when PV1 made an official complaint with the police even though the care workers knew about it. Unlike in Australia UK professionals interacting with the child even though they are aware of the developing awkward behaviours, do not make collaborate effectively to make referral to suitable agencies, due to restrictive privacy laws. The screening process does not lead to risk assessments having high rate of correctness, and as such the risk instruments result in inappropriately high phases of false positives (Munro, 2007). In terms of multi-agency workings, differences do exist in the manner in which child exploitation professionals, evaluate what is considered to be conventional and what is not, in particular where individual organisations feels that there are issues that need to be addressed. For these agencies to be effectiv e, the collective responsibility should involve an overlap or integration of roles, whereby Communication is at every level of working. Emphasis should be placed on effective information allotment, cooperation and understanding involving agencies and notable professional when it comes to promoting the children well-being plus safeguarding them from sexual exploitation (Atkinson & et tal, 2002, p. 3). Infra-Structure to Support Victims According to a research conducted by the

Paraphase 5 abstracts Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Paraphase 5 abstracts - Essay Example The thesis offers an alternative approach to managing freight train schedules in both single and double track railway systems. It explores a scope that previous literature have failed to cover, the rail’s ability to accommodate different levels of demand. Previous literatures also fail to consider alternating tracks in railway stations, crossovers, and delays that trains incur during sidings. The author then proposes a management model that is independent of time but considers the factors that have been ignored by previous researchers. They offer linear programming approach that is based on data from Canada Pacific Railway (Le 1). Abstract 2: Learning approaches for QoS-based web service trust by Mahamad Mehdi Software developers that operate on wide scopes are changing their designs towards computing systems that are open and diversified. The new models focus on developing links among different users and the quality of achieved connectivity is of supreme interest. One of the new designs is Service Oriented Computing. Users of such systems rely on dependence on one another towards realization of business goals that are often similar but have wide scopes. The desired quality of the systems’ interaction however dictates selection of services and the contents of such services, a concept that identifies the need for trust among parties that engage in a network. A user then rates other parties’ trust levels from which services are managed. Based on this interaction model, services that offer more trust assumes higher probabilities of being incorporated in a user’s system. The authors, in an attempt to understand trustworthiness of services through Bayesian inferences and Bayesian Networks, simulates a machine learning task and applies probability concept in analysis. The author also offers a model that is based on Bayesian Network to determine level of trustworthiness of Quality of services in the internet. With test of validity, the rese archers establish that statistical distributions for determining levels of trust of web services are flexible, precise, and are significant to improving the choice and content of a service (Mehdi 1). Abstract 3: Model-driven aspect-oriented software security hardening by Djedjiga Mouheb The scope of software engineering identifies significance of security, a concept that people consider and incorporate after development of software. This means that software developers complete their work without provisions for security and security aspects are fixed later in the software’s lives. The current nature of software environment that is complicated, with a poor directional influence has however facilitated the approach to software security despite its high costs and its effect of reduced security level of a system. This means that security systems are integrated into software but the software remains susceptible to threats. The widely scoped need for security for all software also m eans that each security system is used, diversely, in many features of software. The approach to software security that is also manual is labour intensive and is prone to errors that may further compromise software’s security. An approach to incorporating security systems from software’s earlier stages is therefore necessary and the researchers explore a

The Persuasive Message Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The Persuasive Message - Assignment Example During the Reclassification Program, six extra workers were transferred to my department from Public Relations department (two employees) and from Financial Monitoring department (four employees), and made work under six experienced workers. However, extra workplaces for employees on reclassification have never been specifically prepared and equipped due to their new positions. New workers of External Relations department have stayed on their previous workplaces in Public Relations department and Financial Monitoring department on a fourth floor, room 403 and 404 correspondently. Due to the nature of reclassification process, extra workers tend to experience problems and seek the advice of experienced personnel who they were made to work upon, and experienced workers often have to leave their workplaces and go on a fourth floor to consult new workers. Conversely, new workers have to go on a second floor to receive the qualified advice. Therefore, despite the encouraging first statist ical results of the Reclassification Program, I’m forced to ask you to reconsider working conditions of External Relations department and consolidate both its qualified and new workers within a single floor and a single

The Role Of The Entrepreneur

The Role Of The Entrepreneur Previous studies have highlighted the changes by OECD countries from large companies consisting of mass production to smaller companies focusing on knowledge, initiative and flexibility. According to Karlsson et al, this change appears to have taken place from the mid-1970s to the early 1990s. (Karlsson et al., 2004; Acs, 1996 and 1999; Acs and Audretsch, 2001; Audretsch and Thurik, 1997 and 2001; Audretsch et al, 2002) The large managed economies invested in production, distribution and management. (Chandler, 1990) A large distributional network meant the products could reach large market. The smaller entrepreneurial economies focus on knowledge and flexibility as part of production. (Karlsson et al., 2004) Karlsson et al highlights the factors that caused the change from a managed economy to an entrepreneurial economy such as increased global competition, changes in demand and demographics, intensified uncertainty and new technologies. (Karlsson et al., 2004) Definition of Entrepreneurship The name Entrepreneur can be used very vaguely as it can cover a number of different roles. Thurik and Wennekers identified up to thirteen roles that the entrepreneur can be responsible for: The person who assumes the risk associated with uncertainty The supplier of financial capital An innovator A decision maker An industrial leader A manager An organiser and coordinator of economic resources The owner of an enterprise An employer of factors of production A contractor An arbitrageur An allocator of resources among alternative uses The person who realises a start-up of a new business (Thurik Wennekers, 1999) After much studying regarding the history of entrepreneurship and the economy, Hà ©bert and Link came up with the following definition for the entrepreneur: The entrepreneur is someone who specialises in taking responsibility for and making judgemental decisions that affect the location, form, and the use of goods, resources, or institutions. Thurik and Wennekers then came up with the following definition of entrepreneurship, with the help of Hà ©bert and Link (1989), Bull and Willard (1993) and Lumpkin and Dess (1996): Entrepreneurship is the manifest ability and willingness of individuals, on their own, in teams, within and outside existing organisations, to: perceive and create new economic opportunities (new products, new production methods, new organisational schemes and new product market combinations) and to introduce their ideas in the market, in the face of uncertainty and other obstacles, by making decisions on location, form and the use of resources and institutions. (Thurik and Wennekers, 1999) The Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) defines entrepreneurship as: Any attempt at new business or venture creation, such as self employment, a new business organisation, or the expansion of an existing business organisation by an individual, teams of individuals, or established businesses. (GEM, 2002) Invest NI simply defines entrepreneurship as: Someone who pursues business opportunities beyond known resources to create wealth. (Invest NI) History of Entrepreneurship Entrepreneurship and Economic Growth Theories Thurik and Wennekers split the historical entrepreneurial theories into three traditions: German tradition of von Thà ¼nen, Schumpter and Baumol Entrepreneur is the creator of instability and creative destruction. (Neo-)classical tradition of Marshall, Knight and Schultz Helps markets reach an equilibrium by carrying out entrepreneurial activities. Austrian tradition of Menger, von Mises and Kirzner The ability of the entrepreneur to realise opportunities for profit. Helps satisfy needs or improve market inefficiencies and deficiencies. Thurik and Wennekers attribute economic growth through entrepreneurship to three main entrepreneurial activities, enhanced competition, innovations and employment growth through firm start-ups. The following table, created by Thurik and Wennekers, shows the various schools of growth theory with the role of entrepreneurship: Growth Theories Neo-Classical Growth Theories Schumpeter/ Baumol Theory Karlsson et al highlights that the German traditions of Schumpeter in 1934 and Baumol in 1968, shows the entrepreneur as an innovator and inspirer, the implementer of creative destruction, creating instability, disequilibria and economic development. (Karlsson et al., 2004) A model by Aghion and Howitt tries to explain how creative destruction works. The Research and Development sector invents new production techniques, putting other techniques beyond use. As this new technique is used, the innovators are rewarded until a new technique superseeds his invention. (Aghion and Howitt, 1992; Thurik and Wennekers, 1999) Neo-Classical Theory While there have been a number of neoclassical growth models created over the years, the main one to have an impact has been that of Robert Solow in 1956. One of his main conclusions was that the accumulation of capital cannot account for historic growth per capita, nor the differences in international per capita output. Karlsson et al explains that the model is built where output is a function of capital and effective labour, where effective labour includes the knowledge and effectiveness of the labour force. Output therefore increases if either capital or effective labour increase, and with given levels of capital and labour, the only way growth can occur is through the expansion of knowledge, being the advancement of technology. The economy will eventually reach equilibrium, where output, capital and effective labour will all grow at a constant rate. This rate of growth is determined by the advances in technology. With this theory by Solow, the entrepreneur does not exist. Austrian Theory The Austrian Theory is where the entrepreneur spots an area of disequilibrium and attempts to profit from this situation by improving on the inefficiencies and deficiencies in the market. (Kirzner, 1973) Holcombe (1998) and Minniti (1999) agree that in order for opportunities to become available, they have to have been created by other entrepreneurs. Quite simply put by Karlsson et al, entrepreneurship generates more entrepreneurship. (Karlsson, 2004; Holcombe, 1998; Minniti, 1999) Endogenous Growth Theories (New Growth Theory) The Endogenous Growth Theory or New Growth Theory was developed in the 1980s as a response to the basic Neoclassical Theory of Growth. Many believe that the problem with the Neoclassical theories is that as growth is determined through the levels of technological changes, there is very little relating to the factors that affect technological progress. Romer (1986, 1990) and Lucas (1988) were responsible for the early development of this concept. (Hoque) It appears that generally within the endogenous models such as Romer (1986, 1990) and Lucas(1988), the entrepreneur does not hold a central role, however, Grossman and Helpman (1991) suggest that all Research and Development and investment decisions are made by forward-looking profit maximising entrepreneurs. (Karlsson et al, 2004; Grossman and Helpman, 1991) Hoque goes on to suggest that output and growth are dependent on the internal variable saving rate, which is converted into human capital investment used for innovating new ideas and methods. This variable saving rate allows for technological progress, resulting in the long-term growth of the economy. The endogenous growth theory focuses on a number of factors, including education, knowledge, research, training and experience. These factors help for growth and lead to innovation. Hoque mentions two types of innovation: Horizontal Innovation The Research Sector develops a variety of goods leading to a spillover effect on the economy. These goods can be patented and sold to the immediate goods sector who then have a monopoly power on each design and can therefore earn a monopoly return. Vertical Innovation This is where improvements are made to existing products, leading to a temporary increase in productivity and a sustainable increase in output growth. East Asian Miracle: 1965 1990 Thurik and Wennekers (1999) refers to the economic growth of East Asian countries in the past decade. These eight countries are referred to as the High-Performing Asian Economies (HPAEs) and include the Republic of Korea, Taiwan, Singapore, Hong Kong, Japan, Indonesia, Malaysia and Thailand. During the period of 1965 to 1990, they experienced an average GNP growth rate per capita of 5.5%. This growth can be taken from both exports of goods, as well as domestic demand. A number of public policies led to growing physical and human capital, the allocation of resources to productive investment and the gathering and perfecting of technology. Thurik and Wennekers, however, state that the innovation, private investment and marketing does not necessarily come from entrepreneurial activity and there is no obvious proof of an increase in entrepreneurship. Phelps commented on the paper by Mankiw (1995), claiming that with such an increase in human capital, entrepreneurship must be the reason, helped by the governments. Porter (1990) has also supported this viewed when writing about Emerging Korea in which he states two factors, being the willingness to take risks and the intensity of competition. Entrepreneurship and the Competitive Advantage of Nations An analysis by Porter (1990) was conducted in order to highlight the factors or conditions and determine the competitive strength of nations. Porters model was made up of four sets of factors in what was called the diamond model. Thurik and Wennekers describe these determinants below: Factor Conditions Porter distinguishes basic factors (e.g. natural resources and cheap, unskilled labour) from advanced factors (highly skilled personnel, modern networks infrastructure); Demand Conditions These have three main elements: the nature of buyer needs (e.g. sophisticated instead of basic), the size and the pattern of growth and the existence of mechanisms by which a nations domestic preferences are transmitted to foreign markets; Related and Supporting Industries The presence of internationally competitive supplier and related industries stimulates rivalry and partial cooperation; The Structure and Culture of Domestic Rivalry This encompasses a wide scope such as opportunities provided to possible new entrants, the nature of competition between incumbent firms, dominant business strategies and management practices. (Thurik and Wennekers) This diamond model is summed up by Porter (1990) as, Invention and entrepreneurship are at the heart of national advantage. With this model, Porter suggests that innovation comes directly from entrepreneurship. As well as this, he claims that international competitiveness is a vital link between entrepreneurship (innovation) and economic growth, with domestic rivalry being important in leading to international competitiveness. He also mentions that entrepreneurship is not a trait associated with smaller firms. (Thurik and Wennekers, 1999) Evolutionary Economics The concept of this theory is that each individual has a set of routines, which gradually evolve. These routines are tested in the market environment and due to natural selection, the most suitable one survives. (Karlsson et al., 2004) In this model, each individual has entrepreneurial spirit, human capital and venture capital. (Grebel et al., 2001) Eliasson (1994) mentions that in order for a firm to survive, competence is the most important factor and that accumulation of competence is the determinant of success. This was also backed up by a study conducted by Eliasson and Braunerhjelm (1998), claiming that economic growth stems from human-embodied tacit competencies. (Karlsson et al., 2004) Linking Entrepreneurial Activities to Economic Growth Competition Within the U.S., Acs (1996) suggests that employment growth is due to the increased competition. Geroski (1994) agrees that competition is important by stating that competition plays a significant role in stimulating productivity, with both new firms and new ideas provoking movements to, and outwards movements of, the production frontier which, the data suggest would not have occurred in their absence. Gort and Sung (1999) conclude that an increase in competition will lead to an increase in efficiency. This competition will affect efficiency in four ways: Greater incentive to stimulate demand Higher quality of capital inputs Lower monitoring costs Greater efficiency of firm-specific organisational capital and rivalry leading to innovation Dennis (1995) mentions how competition stimulates some people, but not everyone. These people will try to find a better and more profitable way of doing things in order to maintain or improve their position in the market. These people have chosen innovation rather than working harder. (Dennis, 1995; However, he also mentions how there are policy-imposed limits on competition which vary from country to country, giving the example that the U.S Postal Service who are owned by the government, are the only company allowed to deliver first class mail. This can allow a monopoly to form over a certain market and prevent competition occurring. Innovation The innovative activity of small firms has a different level of importance depending on the type of sector a firm is involved in. (Acs and Audretsch, 2001) Baldwin and Johnson (1999) mention a number of small firms in which innovation is important including electronics, instruments, medical equipment, steel and biotechnology. Acs (1996) goes further than this by calculating the number of innovations per 1000 employees in different industry sectors. When this measure was carried out in 1982 in the U.S., it was found that firms with less than 500 employees produced more innovations in fields such as electronic computing equipment, process control instruments, electronic components, engineering and scientific instruments and plastic products. (Karlsson et al., 2004) In studies conducted by Acs et al (1994), as well as Audretsch and Vivarelli (1996), it was found that innovations by small firms was greater if the firms were close to Universities. This shows the effect of education on innovation. Other studies have found that small firms are more likely to innovate in unexplored areas of technology, with the larger companies focusing on more established areas. (Acs, 1999) Rothwell and Zegveld found that all outputs from the UK which they studied were radical breakthroughs, with only 27% of U.S. firms producing these radical breakthroughs, 30% as major technological shifts and 37% as improvement type innovations. (Rothwell and Zegveld, 1982; Karlsson, 2004) Ernst and Young make a number of observations with regards innovation and entrepreneurship: Theres no time like a downturn to take advantage of entrepreneurial thinking A recent Ernst and Young survey found that the majority of entrepreneurs saw the economic slowdown as the perfect time to explore new opportunities. More than half of the companies on the 2009 Fortune 500 list were founded during a recession or bear market. The market leaders of today are not necessary the market leaders of tomorrow Entrepreneurial enterprises grow quickly, replacing the market share of many dominant corporations. Innovation can, and often must be, disruptive Disruptive innovation is often the turning point for business in an industry undergoing significant change. (Christensen, 1997) Applegate states, Disruptions in the business environment cause economic shifts that destabilise industries, companies and even countries. They allow new entrants or forward thinking established players to introduce innovations in products, markets, or processes that transform the way companies do business and consumers behave. (Applegate, 2007) She goes on to mention a number of factors which companies must consider when faced with disruptive business conditions: Technology Important emerging technologies and how they are being used by others to help create an advantage. Business Models New business models need to be created or adapted to help improve how business is done. Industry Dynamics Fragmented industries where significant value can be delivered through consolidation. Globalisation Adapt to how companies in another part of the world perform. Regulatory, macroeconomic, political and societal factors Changes in regulations, political power and society that disrupt major companies, providing opportunities for new companies. (Applegate, 2007) Never too big to be an entrepreneur Large firms are often weighed down by institutional structures that may see unconventional ideas or strategies as impractical or threatening. However, they can still innovate successfully by building and sustaining innovation-oriented cultures. Large companies have found that in addition to internal research, they can seek innovation through partnerships, joint ventures, licensing and investing in up and coming companies. Government policies that encourage entrepreneurship are most likely to result in increased innovation A 2009 report from the Ernst and Young Conference Board states, Policies that protect firms or industries can result in reduced incentives for entrepreneurs to invest in innovative ideas and for large firms to invest in Research and Development because they no longer face the competitive pressure to constantly improve their product in order to improve (or maintain) their market share. Ernst and Young highlight that the governments which are viewed as most effective when they stay out of the business sectors way, play an important role in helping the engines of growth which are entrepreneurs. They also highlight some ways in which the government can help: Strengthen and invest in education systems Encourage businesses to connect with global, cross-border markets Cultivate confidence in capital markets Simplify procedures and requirements Champion robust Research and Development programs Allow for failure Encourage sound public/private partnerships Make the tax framework friendly to innovation (Ernst and Young, 2009) Industrial Structure, Start-ups and Job Creation When it comes to the differences between large and small firms, Carree and Thurik (1998), as well as Vosloo (1994) highlight a number of advantages in smaller firms. Mentioned is the fact that a greater number of smaller firms dispersed geographically allow for customers to cut travelling distances. As well as this, variety can only be created by small firms and the entrepreneur running the firm is more likely to be energetic and motivational. Vosloo highlights advantages of small firms in developing economies, such as less capital per worker on average, higher likelihood of innovation per employee, greater flexibility, higher growth and job creation rates, as well as being able to serve a more niche market. Studies by both Audretsch et al (2002), as well as Carree and Thurik (1998), have found that on average, the employment share of large firms had a negative effect on growth of output and that smaller firms have helped economic growth. With regards to Germany, Wengenroth (1999) concluded that Small business was the catalyst of industrial growth in providing the background of skills and services which alone made possible the mass consumption of industrial product. Davis et al (1996) mentions that the entrepreneurship in start-ups makes a smaller contribution to job growth than expansion of existing firms in the U.S. This is also backed by a study conducted by Bednarzik (2000). It has to be noted however, that smaller firms have a higher gross job creation, with larger firms providing more in terms of net job creation. Carree and Klomp (1996) dispute this claim from Davis et al, arguing that relative to employment share, small firms created more net jobs relative to employment share. (Karlsson, 2004) What has regularly been found is that small firms can have a volatile job situation, with plenty of job growth, but also a lot of job destruction. Investec, a UK asset management group, have predicted a large number of job losses within the public sector with the hope that entrepreneurship will offset this. Their research also found that two thirds of Britains entrepreneurs expect to increase employment, with only 8% expecting job losses. (Investec, 2010) Ed Cottrell, from Investec Private Bank highlighted what is required by the new Coalition Government in the UK. With a new government formed, severe spending cuts will have to be enforced to help tackle the countrys debts, and this could lead to job losses, especially in the public sector. We need to make sure that entrepreneurs, which are the lifeblood of our economy, are properly incentivised to grow their operations and therefore hire more people. Philip Shaw, the chief economist at Investec Bank added, Entrepreneurs look for an environment that provides them with opportunity, reward and a flexible environment to operate in. They also look for stability and support, be that from the banks or the government, and it is in the best interest of the economy to provide this to them. (Investec, 2010) Entrepreneurship and Large Firms Entrepreneurial activity is not limited to small firms. Corporate entrepreneurship occurs in large organisations with Drucker (1985) claiming that they will not survive unless they acquire entrepreneurial competence. Stopford and Baden-Fuller (1994) explain that there are three types of corporate entrepreneurship: Creation of new businesses within an organisation often referred to as intrapreneurship. Transformation or strategic renewal of existing organisations. Carrying out an innovation that essentially alters the industry. (Stopford and Baden-Fuller, 1994) He also highlights five attributes common with corporate entrepreneurship: Proactiveness Aspirations beyond current ability Team orientation Capability to resolve dilemmas Learning capacity Stevenson and Jarillo (1990) refer to corporations acting entrepreneurially, pursuing opportunity, whether through specific company structures or not, constitutes the core of entrepreneurship, both individual and corporate. They highlight how dependant management are on the individuals within a firm to create this corporate entrepreneurship. Bridge et al (1998) highlight the difference between inventors and intrapreneurship. Inventors are usually individuals, but intrapreneurship is frequently carried out by groups or teams. Thurik and Wennekers (1999) concludes by stating that corporate entrepreneurship plays an essential role in the process of strategic renewal of large and incumbent firms. In the short-term, corporate entrepreneurship can occur at the same time as downsizing and the loss of jobs, however, in the long-term, it enhances competitiveness and leads to sales growth. Thurik and Wennekers (1999) also mention how studies have shown that there seems to be a strong evidence to support a positive impact of corporate entrepreneurship on economic growth. They created a table to show the differences between individual and corporate entrepreneurship: Figure 2 Individual and Corporate Entrepreneurship According to Cole and Neumayer (2003), neoclassical growth theory predicts that poor economies grow faster than rich economies. This is taken from the theory that if all economies are assumed to have the same steady state, then the only difference between countries is the initial level of capital and poor economies will grow faster as they are further away from their steady state. Measuring Entrepreneurship GEM (Global Entrepreneurship Monitor) The Global Entrepreneurship Monitor is a global measure of entrepreneurial activity to assist in entrepreneurship policy research. The project has now been running for 12 years and covers over 34 countries worldwide. GEM aims to fulfil a number of research questions similar to this dissertation: How much entrepreneurial activity is taking place in each county? Why do levels of entrepreneurial activity differ between countries/regions? What are the links between entrepreneurial activity and economic growth and productivity? Surveys conducted by GEM are used to collect information on different types of businesses at a range of entrepreneurial activity. These three business types are: Start-ups Young businesses Establishes businesses Research from GEM continues to associate a positive correlation between start-up activity and economic development, highlighting key indicators of entrepreneurial capacity and tendencies. A Background to Northern Ireland Northern Ireland is one of four countries located in the United Kingdom. With a population of 1.7 million people as of 2004, it is the smallest of these countries. (UK Statistics Authority, 2004) Traditionally, Northern Ireland has been known for having an industrial economy, for example, in the shipbuilding and textiles businesses. This has since been replaced by the services industry. For example, Harland and Wolff, a shipbuilder located in Northern Ireland, once employed around 35,000 people. Nowadays, there are only around 500 employees focused on the repairing of oil platforms and the assembly of wind turbines. Northern Ireland has for a long time suffered from a troubled past, with the most recent referred to as The Troubles. This has been dated from the late 1960s to the signing of the Good Friday Agreement in 1998. (Aughey, 2005) During this time, threats of bombings, the high cost of security and the lack of a stable market, meant large companies were reluctant to invest. This also drove away many of the existing businesses. (Rowthorn Wayne, 1988) Confidence gradually built up within Northern Ireland since the mid 1990s, when many paramilitary groups initiated cease fires and political parties began to work together. However, the signing of the Good Friday Agreement in 1998 proved to the rest of the world that the majority of Northern Ireland were willing to move on from the troubled past. Twelve years on and unemployment has fallen sharply, as well as many people immigrating to Northern Ireland from other EU countries. (BBC, 2008) The current rate of unemployment stands at 6.8%, amongst one of the lowest of the regions in the United Kingdom, compared with a peak in 1986 of 17.2%. (DETINI, 2010) (BBC, 2001) Entrepreneurship within Northern Ireland Previous research into the effect of entrepreneurial activity on economic growth by organisations such as the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), have shown a direct correlation. (Hegarty, 2006) According to the GEM survey in 2009, Northern Ireland was ranked 9th out of 12 UK regions for Total Entrepreneurial Activity (TEA). There has still, however, been a rise in the TEA rate since 2002, despite the impact of the economic recession. (GEM, 2009) Figure 1 below shows the change in Total Entrepreneurial Activity since 2002: Figure 3 Total Entrepreneurial Activity in Northern Ireland and the UK (2002 2009) (GEM APS) This TEA value is calculated using the percentage of early-stage entrepreneurial activity among the adult population, aged 18 64 years. (Pfeifer and Sarlija, 2010) In order to qualify and be included in the TEA value, respondents have to be involved in either: Nascent Ventures The firms generally referred to as start-ups. Any respondent actively involved in creating a new business that they would own or part of and had not paid any salaries or wages to anyone for more than three months. Young Businesses More established, owner-manager businesses but have not been paying salaries for more than 42 months. Lee et al explains that there are two academic approaches to categorise entrepreneurship. The first way is to focus on the entrepreneurs and understand why they chose to start a new business and be an entrepreneur. The second way is to study regional variation in the formation of new businesses. (Lee et al., 2004) For this study, both approaches will be used. A number of factors can be studied in order to determine how entrepreneurship affects economic growth. Storey (1994) focused on factors such as personality, human capital and ethnic origin whereas Evans and Leighton (1990) focused more on factors such as educational attainment and work experience. Previous research has linked a higher educational attainment with new business formation. (Evans and Leighton, 1990) Evans and Leighton also found that men with greater financial resources and greater confidence in their ability are likely to be self-employed. (Evans and Leighton, 1989) Regional factors that affect birth rates of businesses include unemployment, population density, industrial clustering and the availability of financing. (Reynolds et al., 1994) Armington and Acs (2002) also highlighted factors such as income growth and population growth. Factors Affecting Entrepreneurship Gender Female entrepreneurial activity within Northern Ireland between 2002 and 2009 has been significantly below the UK average. In 2009, 2.4% of females were engaged in early stage entrepreneurial activity compared to the UK average of 3.7%. This value is also under a third of male entrepreneurial activity within Northern Ireland, which stands at 8%. Figure 2 shows the female early-stage entrepreneurial activity for Northern Ireland compared with that of the UK average. A report by Crimson Business Limited, highlighted possible reasons why women are less likely to be entrepreneurial than men: Under-capitalisation of ventures Low levels of self-confidence Visibility of appropriate role models The report indicates that these barriers to women becoming entrepreneurs needs to be overcome with greater support from the government. (Crimson Business Limited, 2006) These barriers are not seen globally however, with different parts of the world having different cultures and customs with regards the participation of women in the economic growth of countries. For example, in countries such as Tonga and Guatemala, women are more likely to be involved in early-stage entrepreneurial activity than men. (Bosma and Levie, 2009) Age In 2009, total entrepreneurial activity for those aged 18 24 in Northern Ireland was 2.3% of the adult population. This is compared with a UK average of 3.4%. Northern Ireland remains, as it has done in recent years, with a peak in total entrepreneurial activity between the ages of 25 and 34. A surprising decline in entrepreneurs between the ages of 35 and 44 has been seen in 2009, against the trend of the rest of the UK